Evaluation of Selected Promising Cherry Tomato Lines (Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) Kasetsart University Nakhon Pathom, Thailand)

Maji Yaw Htung (2005)

Abstract

          Seven hybrids cherry tomatoes together with an open-pollinated variety CH 154 as check evaluated for yield and yield components, agronomic characters and organoleptic test under Nakhon Pathom, Thailand conditions. TX4003, TX4008 and TX4009 were better than CH145 and other lines in terms of marketable yield, average fruits weight, and number of fruits per plant, percent marketable yield by fruit weight and by fruit number. The acceptability of line 4B4141 in terms of taste was better than CH 154 and also the best among the lines in organoleptic test, brix and fruit firmness.

Introduction

           

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is native to the Andes mountain of South America, where it was used long before Columbus. It was taken to Europe where it was a popular vegetable by the 1500s. The tomato did not gain wide acceptance in the United States until the mid 1800s. Tomatoes are warm season crop and tomato does not thrive in cold weather and will not set fruit at temperatures below 14.4^oC. Tomato should be grown where they will receive at least 6 hr of direct sunlight and it does not set fruit above 29.4^o C. Most Lycopersicon related species, namely L. hirsutum, L. peruvianum and L. pimpinellifolium

ျမန္မာနိုင္ငံ၏ဖြြြြံ႔ၿဖိဳးေရးအျမင္ (Development Perspective of Myanmar)

                 By Maji Yaw Htung                              31 October 2014

                                               

၁။ ဖြ႔ံၿဖိဳးေရးေ၀ါဟာရ၏ သမိုင္းအက်ဥ္း (Brief History of Development Terminology)

ဖြံ႔ၿဖိဳးေရး (Development) ဆိုတဲ့ေ၀ါဟာရ ကိုဒုတိယ ကမာၻစစ္ ေနာက္ပိုင္း မွ ေပၚထြက္လာတဲ့ ေ၀ါဟာရျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒီေ၀ါဟာရ ဟာ အေမရိကန္နိုင္ငံ ကေန၊ ထိုစဥ္ခါက နိုင္ငံျခားေရး၀န္ႀကီး(Secretary of State) ျဖစ္တဲ့ ေဂ်ာ့မာရွယ္လ္ (George Marshall) ဟာ၊ ဒုတိယ ကမာၻစစ္အတြင္းအႀကီးအက်ယ္ ပ်က္စီးယိုယြင္းသြားတဲ့ ဥေရာပနိုင္ငံ(ဥပမာ - အဂၤလန္၊ျပင္းသစ္၊ဂ်ာမဏီ) ေတြကို ျပန္လည္တည္္ေထာင္ဖို႔ ေပးအပ္ ခဲ့တဲ့ ဖြ႔ံၿဖိဳးေရး အေထာက္အကူ (Development Assistance) ကို မာရွယ္လ္ ပလင္ (Marshall Plan) လုိ႔ေခၚတဲ့ အစီအစဥ္ကေန၊ ၎ တို႔ ၏ေဈ းကြက္အက်ိဳးစီးပြားကိုေမ်ွာ္ကိုးရင္း ကူညီခဲ့ရာမွ ျပင္ပမွအကူအညီ (External Assistance) ျဖင့္ အခ်ိဳ႕ဥေရာပနိုင္ငံတို႕သည္ ၎တို႔နိုင္ငံ ကိုျပန္လည္ထူေထာင္ခဲ့သည့္ ျဖစ္စဥ္ ႏွင့္၊ ဒုတိယ ကမာၻစစ္ အၿပီး ကမာၻ႔စီးပြားေရး နွင့္ ေငြေက်းျပႆနာမ်ားကို ေျဖရွင္းရန္ ဘရိတြန္၀ူးထ္စ္ ညီလာခံ (Bretton Woods Conference) ကို နယူး ဟင္ရွိုင္းရား ျပည္နယ္(New Hampshire)၊ ဘရိတြန္၀ူးထ္စ္ (Bretton Woods) မွ ေမာင့္ ၀ါရွင္တန္ ဟိုတယ္လ္ (Mount Washington Hotel)၊ တြင္ နိုင္ငံေပါင္း ၄၄ နိုင္ငံ မွ ေငြေက်းဆိုင္ရာ ၀န္ႀကီးမ်ား နွင့္ နိုင္ငံကိုယ္စားလွယ္ စုစုေပါင္း ၇၃၀ တက္ေရာက္ ၍၊ နိုင္ငံ တကာ ေငြေက်းရန္ပုံေငြ အဖြဲ႔ (IMF)၊ နိုင္ငံတကာ ျပန္လည္ထူေထာင္ေရးနွင့္ ဖြဲ႔ၿဖိဳးေရး ဘဏ္ (IBRD ယခု ကမာၻ႔ဘဏ္ (World Bank) ၏ အခြဲ)၊ နွင့္ ကမာၻ႔ကုန္သြယ္ေရး အဖြဲ႔ႀကီး (WTO ၊ ယခင္ GATT) မ်ားကို ဖြဲ႔စည္းတည္ေထာင္ ၍၊ ဖြံ႔ၿဖိဳး ၿပီးနိုင္ငံ မ်ား ႀကီးစိုးေသာ ဤ အဖြဲ႔ ႀကီးမ်ား သည္ ဖြ႔ံၿဖိဳးဆဲ နွင့္ ဆင္းရဲသည့္ နိုင္ငံမ်ား ဖြံ႔ၿဖိဳးတိုးတက္ေရး ကို ၎ တို႔ မူ၀ါဒနွင့္ အညီကူညီခဲ့သည့္ အေလ့အထ မ်ားကို အမွီျပဳ၍၊ စီးပြားေရး ပညာရွင္မ်ား စတင္သုံးနွုန္းခဲ့ျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။

၂။ ကြဲျပားသည့္ နိုင္ငံ၏ ဖြံ႔ၿဖိဳးေရး ခ်ဥ္းကပ္ပုံမ်ား (Developmet Approaches)

Jinghpaw Wunpawng ngu ai manu (Entity value) hpe gara hku hkam la shangang shagrin na?

By Maji Yaw Htung

31 October 2014

            Mungkan mung dan jahpan hpe yu dat yang mungdan (Countries) 240 jan nga ai hpe mu lu n-na, myu baw sang ga (Languages) hpe yu dat yang mung tinang na kanu ga (Mother tongues or native language) wan 100 jan (More than 100 million native speakers) mungkan kaw nga pra taw ai hpe mu lu ai hku re. Dai kaw e anhte Jinghpaw Wunpawng ngu ai amyu sha gaw tsa lam shadang mi kahtawk hku pyi n-mai sawn ai mung lawm nga saga ai re, daini du hkra tara shang (Officially) tinang myu sha up hkang ai mungdan (Autonomous country or state) mung grai nlu ai re mung gaw laika hti ai ni chye da chya lu rai nga mali ai re. Raitim mung, Karai Kasang lata la ai a marang e, sasana hte rau laika hpe sinna dan American sasana sara ni ap nawng shakut shaja ya ai majaw hte, anhte jiwoi jiwa ni mung hkap la shakut shaja shadik shatup ai a majaw, daini du hkra anhte Jinghpaw Wunpawng ngu ai myu sha hpe, mung dan kata sha n-ga mung kan kaw na mung Kachin ngu ai mying hte myu kaji (ethnic) langai hku chye na hkap la da ma ai hku re.

Raitim daini na anhte Jinghpaw Wunpawng myu sha ni a nga pra ai masa (Migration) hpe yu yang bumga kaw na layang ga de (From highland to lowland) nga pra hkrat wa ai ding yang rai nga saga ai. Myi hpaw na na ai  hte sut su nga mai ai ni ganoi yawng mung layang ga de du sajang nga sai hku re. Ga shadawn, Yangon hte Mandalay ga zawn re hkan nga pra taw sai ni a nga sat nga sa lam (Living style) gaw dai ga na amyu (Myen) grau law ai ni a kaup ai (Influence) a majaw sat la wat, bu hpun sumli, tsun shaga ai lam yawng gaw dai ga na Myen ni hte bung pre mat wa n-na anhte mi na Jinghpaw Wunpawng manu nsam (Entity) yat yat yawm mat wa ai hpe mu lu nga ga ai. Grau nna myi hpaw na na wa ai ni gaw maigan mungdan de chyam bra mat wa saga ai hte maren, tinang nga ai

Education as Pivotal catalyst for Kachin people

 

By Maji Yaw Htung

26 March 2012

 

“The Nobel laureate Amartya Sen has emphasized the enhanced capabilities that education brings, and the resulting freedom that development brings to individuals.” According to development perspective of globalization era, development is about transforming the lives of people, not just transforming economies. Policies for education or employment need to be looked at through this double lens: how they promote growth and how they affect individuals directly. Education as human capital: investment in people yields a return, just as investment in machinery does. But education does more. It opens up minds to the notion that is possible, that there are other ways of organising production, as it teaches the basic principles of modern science and element of analytic reasoning and enhances the capacity to learn. In addition, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) measures the development with Human Development Index (HDI) in which the measure incorporates three dimensions of development in relation to human well-being; a long and healthy life, education and knowledge and decent standard of living. Hence, education is international and national booster for individuals in particular region of the globe. The importance of education as universal truth is directly linked to the Kachin nation of Myanmar (Burma).